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By Aayushi Sharma
Up to 40 percent of the Earth’s land is degraded, directly impacting half of the global population. Since 2000, there has been a 29 percent increase in the number and duration of droughts. Without urgent action, droughts may affect over three-quarters of the world’s population by 2050. Land restoration stands as a crucial pillar of the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021-2030), which serves as a rallying call for the protection and revitalization of ecosystems worldwide. World Environment Day 2024 focuses on land restoration, halting desertification , and building drought resilience under the slogan “Our land. Our future”.
How important is land restoration in the era of changing climate?
Land restoration holds the potential to reverse the gradual spread of land degradation, drought, and desertification. According to the UNEP, for every dollar invested in restoration, up to US$30 in ecosystem services can be realized. Restoration efforts not only enhance livelihoods and reduce poverty but also strengthen resilience to extreme weather events. Moreover, restoration contributes to increased carbon storage, thereby mitigating the impacts of climate change. By restoring just 15 percent of land and halting further conversion, it’s possible to prevent up to 60 percent of expected species extinctions.
Land Restoration Efforts in India
India has been actively engaged in supporting land restoration efforts, committing to restore 26 million hectares of land and draw down 2.5–3 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (GtCO2e) by 2030, in alignment with the goals of the Paris Climate Agreement. This commitment is equivalent to the annual emissions of approximately 650 million cars. The following are among successful land restoration efforts of India:
- Restoration of Ganges Basin
Several initiatives have been undertaken to clean the River Ganga and restore its basin including the Ganga Action Plan and the Namami Gange Programme. Namami Gange aims to rejuvenate the Ganga by consolidating current efforts and devising an effective action plan for the future. Academic institutions such as the Indian Institutes of Technology and non-governmental organizations like the India Water Portal, Centre for Science and Environment, Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), Tarun Bharat Sangh, Save Ganga Movement, and Ganga Mahasabha are also actively involved in efforts to rejuvenate the River Ganga.
For nine years, cities along the Ganga have been working to reduce river pollution and rejuvenate the landscapes along the waterway and its tributaries. The early success of Namami Gange has led to its selection as a World Restoration Flagship. Awarded under the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, this accolade recognizes ambitious efforts to revive the natural world, facing a triple crisis of climate change, nature, and biodiversity loss, and pollution and waste.
One of the major components of Ganga rejuvenation is ‘forestry interventions,’ aimed at enhancing the productivity and diversity of forests in the headwater areas and along the river and its tributaries. The Forest Research Institute (FRI) in Dehradun prepared a Detailed Project Report (DPR) for afforestation across 1,34,106 hectares in the Ganga riverbank states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal, with an estimated cost of Rs. 2293.73 Crores. The FRI DPR outlines four major areas of work: Natural landscape, agricultural landscape, Urban landscape, and Conservation interventions.
The main purpose of the proposed forestry interventions is to contribute to the holistic conservation of the River Ganga, including improving the river’s flow (Aviralta) through a multi-pronged approach throughout the defined Ganga riverscape. The “Forestry Interventions for Ganga” project has been implemented by the State Forest Departments of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal since 2016-17, with financial support from the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) provided to the respective State Forest Departments.
- Sidhi District land restoration project
Sidhi District is a resource-rich but predominantly impoverished area in Madhya Pradesh, where the majority of the population relies on forests and land for their livelihoods. Studies indicate that nearly 75% of the land in the district could benefit from restoration efforts employing eight techniques. These techniques include growing trees along farm boundaries, facilitating natural regeneration of trees, establishing native tree plantations, and cultivating sustainable orchards on farms.
Land Restoration in Sidhi leads to a significant economic opportunity for numerous stakeholders, including communities, government officials, NGOs, and companies. Planting 39.5 million saplings would generate 3.75 million paid working days for local residents over two years. This endeavor would result in an additional income of INR 710 million (approximately US$10 million) for local and rural communities within just two years. Furthermore, local residents could earn an extra INR 592.3 million (about $8.46 million USD) by selling saplings to restoration projects. Engaging in the harvesting, processing, and sale of high-value tree crops such as bamboo, jackfruit, and moringa has the potential to generate 30,000 jobs and establish 3,000 microenterprises within a span of five to seven years.
Many of these opportunities are filled by individuals from marginalized groups, including women, unemployed youth, and landless people, who often rely heavily on the resources provided by healthy land. Thus, the Madhya Pradesh government and WRI India are collaborating with local communities to realize the true potential of restoration efforts.
References:
https://www.wri.org/insights/building-equitable-economies-restoring-landscapes-india
https://www.unccd.int/news-stories/stories/green-gold-bamboo-winner-when-it-comes-land-restoration
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-33-6248-2_8
https://files.wri.org/s3fs-public/sidhi-restoration-brief.pdf?O6sQA6Y5TnKdxZGUJ0gUXguNfJciuQsE
https://www.un.org/en/observances/environment-day
Banner Image: Photo by Luboshouska https://pixabay.com/photos/farm-land-clouds-field-farmland-972717/
Photo by oreotikii
https://pixabay.com/photos/varanasi-river-india-religion-2371751
Photo by Kai Vogel https://pixabay.com/photos/river-rocks-trees-bank-river-bank-1899328/
Photo by Peggy Marco
https://pixabay.com/photos/bamboo-forest-tropical-forest-1028699
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